Dopant site in indium-doped SrTiO3 photocatalysts

Abstract

Strontium titanate, SrTiO₃, with the perovskite ABO₃ structure is known as one of the most efficient photocatalyst materials for the overall water splitting reaction. Doping with appropriate metal cations at the A site or at the B site substantially increases the quantum yield to split water into H₂ and O₂. The site occupied by the guest dopant in the SrTiO₃ host thus plays a key role in dictating the water splitting activity. However, little is known about the detailed structure of the dopant site in the host lattice. In this study, the local structure of In³⁺ cations, which were shown to improve the water splitting activity of SrTiO₃, is investigated with X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The In³⁺ cations exclusively substitute for Ti⁴⁺ cations at the B site to form InO₆ octahedra. Further optical experiments using UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and DFT calculations of the density of states indicate that the substitution of In³⁺ for Ti⁴⁺ does not alter the band structure and bandgap energy (remaining at 3.2 eV). The mechanism underlying the increased water splitting activity is discussed in relation to occupation of the B site by In³⁺ cations.