Synthesis and catalytic evaluation of PVP–CeO2/rGO as a highly efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for multicomponent reactions in water

Abstract

A highly efficient and eco-friendly route for the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was developed by using polyvinylpyrrolidone coated CeO₂ NPs (PVP–CeO₂) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The resulting carbonaceous material, PVP–CeO₂/rGO, was well characterized with different spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), elemental mapping, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Thermal Gravimetric (TG) analyses. The material exhibited high catalytic potential towards multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of biologically relevant benzodiazepine derivatives in aqueous media. The efficiency of the material for the desired reaction was shown in the form of an excellent product yield (96–98%) and a very short reaction time period (7–10 min). The use of water as solvent and recyclability of the catalyst made the present protocol acceptable from a green perspective.