Issue 32, 2020

Nitric oxide-dependent biodegradation of graphene oxide reduces inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract

Abstract

Understanding the biological fate of graphene-based materials such as graphene oxide (GO) is crucial to assess adverse effects following intentional or inadvertent exposure. Here we provide first evidence of biodegradation of GO in the gastrointestinal tract using zebrafish as a model. Raman mapping was deployed to assess biodegradation. The degradation was blocked upon knockdown of nos2a encoding the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or by pharmacological inhibition of NOS using L-NAME, demonstrating that the process was nitric oxide (NO)-dependent. NO-dependent degradation of GO was further confirmed in vitro by combining a superoxide-generating system, xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO), with an NO donor (PAPA NONOate), or by simultaneously producing superoxide and NO by decomposition of SIN-1. Finally, by using the transgenic strain Tg(mpx:eGFP) to visualize the movement of neutrophils, we could show that inhibition of the degradation of GO resulted in increased neutrophil infiltration into the gastrointestinal tract, indicative of inflammation.

Graphical abstract: Nitric oxide-dependent biodegradation of graphene oxide reduces inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Communication
Submitted
11 May 2020
Accepted
07 Aug 2020
First published
10 Aug 2020
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY-NC license

Nanoscale, 2020,12, 16730-16737

Nitric oxide-dependent biodegradation of graphene oxide reduces inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract

G. Peng, M. F. Montenegro, C. N. M. Ntola, S. Vranic, K. Kostarelos, C. Vogt, M. S. Toprak, T. Duan, K. Leifer, L. Bräutigam, J. O. Lundberg and B. Fadeel, Nanoscale, 2020, 12, 16730 DOI: 10.1039/D0NR03675G

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