Cytotoxic effect of green silver nanoparticles against ampicillin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

Abstract

Considering the harmful effects and high spread of drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, many researchers have been trying to produce new antibacterial agents to combat the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of this bacterium. Recent progress in the nanomedicine field has provided opportunities for synthesizing unique nanoagents to battle MDR bacteria by targeting virulence and resistance signalling. The biocidal effects of 14.9 nm silver nanoparticles fabricated using Nostoc sp. Bahar M (N-SNPs) and AgNO₃ were examined against drug-resistant K. pneumoniae using the agar well diffusion method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to detect the ultrastructural changes caused by N-SNPs and AgNO₃. To address the mode of action of N-SNPs and AgNO₃, CAT, GPx, LDH and ATPase levels were assessed. The toxicity of N-SNPs and AgNO₃ was evaluated against the mfD, flu, hly, 23S, hns, hcp-1, VgrG-1 and VgrG-3 genes as well as cellular proteins. N-SNPs showed the greatest inhibitory activity against K. pneumoniae, with MIC and MBC values of 0.9 and 1.2 mg mL⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, N-SNPs and AgNO₃ induced apoptotic features, including cell shrinkage and cell atrophy. N-SNPs were more potent bactericidal compounds than AgNO₃, causing increased leakage of LDH and GPx activities and depletion of ATPase and CAT activities, resulting in induced oxidative stress and metabolic toxicity. Compared to AgNO₃, N-SNPs exhibited the highest toxicity towards the selected genes and the greatest damage to bacterial proteins. N-SNPs were the most potent agents that induced bacterial membrane damage, oxidative stress and disruption of biomolecules such as DNA and proteins. N-SNPs may be used as effective nanodrugs against MDR bacteria.