In situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy of electrocatalysts for energy conversion reactions

Abstract

In the face of climate change and rising energy consumption, electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) have become promising catalytic processes to address these critical issues. By integrating OER and HER/CO₂RR with renewable energy, it may potentially provide a promising way for a sustainable human society. Nonetheless, lack of understanding of catalysts under working conditions and reaction mechanisms restrict the development of efficient catalysts. In recent years, in situ techniques that can be used to investigate the structural transformation of catalysts during the reaction have attracted considerable research interest. Herein, recent developments in heterogeneous catalysts for OER, HER, and CO₂RR explored by using in situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques have been comprehensively summarized. Finally, challenges and future perspectives in this field are also provided to pave the way for future developments.