Entering new chemical space with isolable complexes of single, zero-valent silicon and germanium atoms

Abstract

Monatomic zero-valent silicon and germanium complexes (silylones and germylones), stabilised by neutral donating ligands, emerged only recently as a new class of low-valent group 14 element compounds. Featuring four valence electrons in the form of two lone pairs at a single site, silylones and germylones represent a molecular resting state of single Si and Ge atoms, which are typically only observed at high temperature in the gas phase or in interstellar matter. These species are capable of transferring single Si and Ge atoms to unsaturated substrates and acting as building blocks for novel group 14 species. After introducing this type of compound and the examples known to date, this feature article highlights some chelating bis N-heterocyclic carbene (bis(NHC)) and bis N-heterocyclic silylene (bis(NHSi)) supported Si⁰ and Ge⁰ complexes, for which a range of unprecedented reactivity has been discovered. The characteristic behaviour of these silylones and germylones discussed here consists of (i) coordination to Lewis acids, (ii) oxidation with elemental chalcogens, (iii) bond activation of common organic substrates and inert small molecules; and (iv) homocoupling of the Si⁰ and Ge⁰ centres. This wealth of reactivity has opened the door to a series of Si and Ge compounds, which would be otherwise difficult to realise.