Computational and infrared spectroscopic investigations of N-substituted carbazoles

Abstract

The carbazole moiety is a commonly identified structural motif in the high-molecular-weight components of petroleum, known as asphaltenes. Detailed characterization of carbazoles is important for understanding the structure of asphaltenes and addressing challenges in the areas of heavy oil recovery, transportation, upgrading, and oil spills, arising from asphaltene properties and composition. In this work we study carbazole and the four N-substituted carbazoles 9-methylcarbazole, 9-ethylcarbazole, 9-vinylcarbazole and 9-phenylcarbazole. Experimental far- and mid-infrared spectra of these five carbazoles are measured using transmission and photoacoustic techniques. The molecular structures of the monomers and the respective dimers, optimized at the ωB97X-D/6-311++G(d,p) level of the density functional theory (DFT), are subjected to harmonic vibrational frequency calculations. The effect of changing substituents on the N–H bond, π–π stacking distances, and angles between monomers within the dimers, in addition to intermolecular interactions, is investigated. Noncovalent interaction analysis is employed to highlight the areas of attractive and repulsive interactions in the dimers. Thermochemistry calculations show that the formation of dimers of all carbazoles is spontaneous at 298 K. Comparison of the calculated vibrational spectra of these compounds with experimental spectra indicates that the existence of both monomers and dimers must be invoked to account for the observed bands in the infrared spectra. Excellent correlations between the experimentally-determined and calculated harmonic vibrational energies are obtained, with an experimental-to-calculated scaling factor of 0.95–0.96. These findings highlight the coupled computational–experimental approach for the interpretation of vibrational spectra and are essential for improving the spectroscopic characterization of N-substituted carbazoles.