Covalency in AnCl3 (An = Th–No)

Abstract

The geometric and electronic structures of AnCl₃ are studied computationally using scalar relativistic, hybrid density functional theory (PBE0). The An–Cl bond lengths generally decrease across the 5f series, although there is a slight lengthening from Fm–Cl to No–Cl as the metal ions display increasing M(II) character. Covalency in the An–Cl bond is studied using a wide range of metrics drawn from the Natural Bond Orbital, Natural Resonance Theory and Quantum Theory of Atoms-in-Molecules (QTAIM) methods, including bond order, orbital composition, orbital overlap and electron density topology data. Most metrics agree that the later An–Cl bonds are less ionic than might be anticipated on the basis of trends in the first half of the series, due to energy degeneracy-driven covalency in the β spin manifold; for example, the An–Cl QTAIM delocalisation index (bond order) for MdCl₃ (0.88) is almost exactly the same as for NpCl₃ (0.89). By contrast, the ratio of the kinetic to potential energy densities at the An–Cl bond critical points indicates that ionicity increases across the series, suggesting that the delocalisation index measures both orbital overlap and energy degeneracy-based covalency, while the bond critical point metric gauges only the former. Recalculation of all the data using the generalised gradient approximation PBE functional finds larger energy degeneracy-driven covalency in the later actinides than using hybrid DFT. Hence, we find that conclusions concerning the covalency of the An–Cl bond are dependent not only on the metric used to evaluate it, but also on the underlying electronic structure method.