A 2D/2D NiCo-MOF/Ti3C2 heterostructure for the simultaneous detection of acetaminophen, dopamine and uric acid by differential pulse voltammetry

Abstract

A 2D/2D NiCo-MOF/Ti₃C₂ heterojunction is constructed as a non-enzymatic biosensor for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of acetaminophen (AP), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) via differential pulse voltammetry. Benefiting from the synergistic effects of the high electrocatalytic activity of NiCo-MOF, the outstanding conductivity of Ti₃C₂, and the improved specific surface area of NiCo-MOF/Ti₃C₂, NiCo-MOF/Ti₃C₂ displays high sensing performance toward AP (0.01–400 μM), DA (0.01–300 μM), and UA (0.01–350 μM) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7.4) at working potentials of 0.346 V vs. SCE for AP, 0.138 V vs. SCE for DA, and 0.266 V vs. SCE for UA. Furthermore, the well-separated oxidation peak potentials allow for the simultaneous detection of the analytes, with detection limits of 0.008, 0.004, and 0.006 μM (S/N = 3), respectively. As a result of its considerable reproducibility and anti-interference and anti-fouling properties, NiCo-MOF/Ti₃C₂ was also developed into a practical sensing platform to detect AP, DA, and UA in serum and urine, presenting excellent recoveries of 98.1–102.2 %.