Efficient ternary catalyst system for the copolymerization of lactide, epoxides and CO2: new insights into the cooperative mechanism

Abstract

Ternary catalyst systems (TCSs) are an emerging type of catalyst for the synthesis of multiblock copolymers of lactide (LA), epoxides and CO₂. For our previous TCS (SalenCo^III-dinitrophenol (DNP), SalenCo^II and PPNCl; TCS I), although multiblock copolymers could be successfully prepared from mixed monomers, the low activity from SalenCo^II prevents TCS I from being further applied. In this work, a new homogeneous TCS (TCS III) is presented with two substitution strategies of SalenCo^II. TCS III_a consists of SalenCo^III-DNP, SalenCo^III-difluorothiophenol (DFTP) and PPNCl, while TCS III_b contains SalenCo^III-DNP, oxygen and PPNCl. Compared to TCS I, TCS III showed higher activity (for TCS III_a, TOF_PO increased from 27 h⁻¹ to 231 h⁻¹), and remained active even under diluted conditions ([Cat] : [PO] = 1 : 5000), while TCS I lost activity when the ratio was over 1 : 2500. The microstructure of the resultant copolymer was analyzed in detail, the low average chain length being consistent with its thermal property. SalenCo^III-DFTP is different from SalenCo^III-DNP in the X-axial ligands: the thiophenol endows SalenCo^III with special catalytic property, contributing to the higher activity of TCS III_a. In TCS III_b, SalenCo^II is replaced by the cocatalyst of oxygen, which is beneficial for reduction of SalenCo loading. The results of the TCSs provide key insights into the copolymerization mechanism of LA, epoxide and CO₂, and show promising implications for the design of future catalytic systems.