Bismuth-based Z-scheme photocatalytic systems for solar energy conversion

Abstract

Photocatalysis can effectively solve environmental pollution and energy supply problems by using inexhaustible sunlight. It is crucial to design high-efficiency photocatalysts with strong light-absorbing capability, strong redox potentials, high charge separation and excellent durability. Bismuth-based materials have unique crystal structures, electronic configurations and environmental friendliness. However, insufficient light absorption and charge separation greatly limit their application. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, the construction of artificial Z-scheme photocatalysts provides a feasible strategy to overcome these bottlenecks. This review mainly concentrates on the construction mechanism and structure genre of bismuth-based Z-scheme photocatalytic systems, including the liquid-phase Z-scheme photocatalytic system, all-solid-state Z-scheme photocatalytic system with a mediator, and direct Z-scheme photocatalytic system, and their applications in water splitting, CO₂ reduction and pollutant degradation are summarized. The different reaction mechanisms in various applications are discussed in detail. Finally, challenges and opportunities are proposed to develop more efficient bismuth-based Z-scheme photocatalysts.