Changes in the fluorescence intensity, degradability, and aromaticity of organic carbon in ammonium and phenanthrene-polluted aquatic ecosystems

Abstract

Mixed cultures were established by a sediment to investigate the changes in organic carbon (C) in a combined ammonium and phenanthrene biotransformation process in aquatic ecosystems. The microorganisms in the sediment demonstrated significant ammonium-N and phenanthrene biotransformation capacity with removal efficiencies of 99.96% and 99.99%, respectively. The changes in the organic C characteristics were evaluated by the fluorescence intensity, degradability (humification index (HIX) and UV absorbance at 254 nm (A₂₅₄)), aromaticity (specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA₂₅₄) and fluorescence index (FI)). Compared with C2 (the second control), the lower values of fluorescence intensity (after the 15^th d), HIX (after the 8^th d), A₂₅₄ (after the 11^th d), and SUVA₂₅₄ (after the 8^th d) and the higher FI value (after the 8^th d) in ammonium and phenanthrene-fed mixed cultures (N_PHE) suggest that aromatic structures and some condensed molecules were easier to break down in N_PHE. Similar results were obtained from Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectra. Changes in organic C characteristics may be due to two key organisms Massilia and Azohydromonas. The biodiversity also suggested that the selective pressure of ammonium and phenanthrene is the decisive factor for changes in organic C characteristics. This study will shed light on theoretical insights into the interaction of N and aromatic compounds in aquatic ecosystems.