Step-saving synthesis of star-shaped hole-transporting materials with carbazole or phenothiazine cores via optimized C–H/C–Br coupling reactions

Abstract

In most research papers, synthesis of organic hole-transporting materials relies on a key-reaction: Stille cross-couplings. This requires tedious prefunctionalizations including the preparation and treatment of unstable organolithium and toxicity-concern organotin reagents. In contrast to traditional multistep synthesis, this work describes that a series of star-shaped small molecules with a carbazole or phenothiazine core can be efficiently synthesized through a shortcut using optimized direct C–H/C–Br cross-couplings as the key step, thus avoiding dealing with the highly reactive organolithium or the toxic organotin species. Device fabrication of perovskite solar cells employing these molecules (6–13) as hole-transporting layers exhibit promising power conversion efficiencies of up to 17.57%.