Impact of Al doping on a hydrothermally synthesized β-Ga2O3 nanostructure for photocatalysis applications

Abstract

Aluminum (Al)-doped beta-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga₂O₃) nanostructures with different Al concentrations (0 to 3.2 at%) are synthesized using a hydrothermal method. The single phase of the β-Ga₂O₃ is maintained without intermediate phases up to Al 3.2 at% doping. As the Al concentration in the β-Ga₂O₃ nanostructures increases, the optical bandgap of the β-Ga₂O₃ increases from 4.69 (Al 0%) to 4.8 (Al 3.2%). The physical, chemical, and optical properties of the Al-doped β-Ga₂O₃ nanostructures are correlated with photocatalytic activity via the degradation of a methylene blue solution under ultraviolet light (254 nm) irradiation. The photocatalytic activity is enhanced by doping a small amount of substitutional Al atoms (0.6 at%) that presumably create shallow level traps in the band gap. These shallow traps retard the recombination process by separating photogenerated electron–hole pairs. On the other hand, once the Al concentration in the Ga₂O₃ exceeds 0.6 at%, the crystallographic disorder, oxygen vacancy, and grain boundary-related defects increase as the Al concentration increases. These defect-related energy levels are broadly distributed within the bandgap, which act as carrier recombination centers and thereby degrade the photocatalytic activity. The results of this work provide new opportunities for the synthesis of highly effective β-Ga₂O₃-based photocatalysts that can generate hydrogen gas and remove harmful volatile organic compounds.