Issue 20, 2021

Paper-based potentiometric sensing devices modified with chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) for trace level determination of pholcodine (opiate derivative drug)

Abstract

Robust, reliable and cost-effective paper-based analytical device for potentiometric pholcodine (opiate derivative drug) ion sensing has been prepared and characterized. A printed pholcodinium (PHL)2+/5-nitrobarbiturate (NB) ion-association complex as a sensory material-based all-solid-state ion-selective electrode (ISE) on a chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) solid-contact, and a printed all-solid-state Ag/AgCl reference electrode, has been combined on a hydrophobic paper substrate coated with fluorinated alkyl silane (CF3(CF2)7CH2CH2SiCl3, CF10). The sensors revealed a potentiometric slope of 28.7 ± 0.3 mV dec−1 (R2 = 0.9998) over a linear range starting from 2.0 × 10−7 M to 1.0 × 10−2 M and a detection limit of 0.04 μg mL−1. The repeatability and stability of the pholcodine paper-based sensor was found to be 2.32%. The RSD% (n = 6) was found to be 2.67% when using five different paper-based sensors. The sensor revealed an excellent selectivity towards PHL over dextromethorphan, codeine, ephedrine, carbinoxamine, caffeine, ketamine, and K+, Na+ and Ca2+ ions. It showed a good recovery (94–104%) for the determination of PHL in different artificial serum samples. The presented paper-based analytical device was successfully introduced for PHL determination in different pharmaceutical formulations (i.e. syrups and suspensions) containing pholcodine. The current work can be considered as a promising possible analytical tool to obtain cost-effective and disposable paper-based potentiometric sensing devices. These devices can be potentially manufacturable at large scales in pharmaceutical, clinical and forensic applications for opiate drug assessment.

Graphical abstract: Paper-based potentiometric sensing devices modified with chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) for trace level determination of pholcodine (opiate derivative drug)

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
22 Jan 2021
Accepted
18 Mar 2021
First published
26 Mar 2021
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

RSC Adv., 2021,11, 12227-12234

Paper-based potentiometric sensing devices modified with chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) for trace level determination of pholcodine (opiate derivative drug)

H. S. M. Abd-Rabboh, A. El-Galil E. Amr, E. A. Elsayed, A. Y. A. Sayed and A. H. Kamel, RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 12227 DOI: 10.1039/D1RA00581B

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. You can use material from this article in other publications without requesting further permissions from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements