Evaluation of the dispersion of metakaolin–graphene oxide hybrid in water and cement pore solution: can metakaolin really improve the dispersion of graphene oxide in the calcium-rich environment of hydrating cement matrix?

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising candidate for reinforcing cement composites due to its prominent mechanical properties and good dispersibility in water. However, the severe agglomeration of GO nanosheets in the Ca²⁺ ion loaded environment of a freshly mixed cement composite is the main obstacle against the mentioned goal. Recent studies, based on the SEM images, have shown that the incorporation of pozzolans can ameliorate the GO agglomeration in cement matrix. Considering the fact that, for identifying the GO dispersion in cement matrix, SEM characterization is not preferred due to the hydrated cement matrix complexity and presence of small dosages of GO, this research has investigated the potential of Metakaolin (MK) as a highly reactive pozzolan against GO agglomeration in the non-hydrated environment of simulated cement pore solution (SCPS) for different MK/GO weight ratios. Additionally, the interaction between MK and GO in water is evaluated through different characterization methods. Visual investigation and UV-vis spectroscopy revealed that there should be a probable interaction between MK particles and GO nanosheets in water which was interpreted by Lewis acid–base interaction and further examined by FTIR spectroscopy. Moreover, the zeta potential measurements indicated that the increase in MK/GO weight ratio could lead to higher adsorption of GO on the surface of MK particles which was confirmed by the particle size analysis. Almost all of the conducted experiments on the MK–GO hybrid in simulated cement pore solution showed that different dosages of MK particles were incapable of preventing GO agglomeration; thus, despite the proposed mechanisms in previous studies, MK cannot effectively restrict the unfavorable effects of Ca²⁺ ions on GO dispersion in SCPS and analogously in the hydrating cement matrix.