Cation–π interactions drive hydrophobic self-assembly and aggregation of niclosamide in water

Abstract

The beneficial medicinal effects of niclosamide have been reported to be hampered by poor aqueous solubility and so a higher concentration dosage is required. In this work, we have studied the aggregation properties of niclosamide in water by varying the number of monomers. We have employed all-atom classical molecular dynamics simulation in order to explore such properties. The equilibrium structure exists in an aggregated state with structural rearrangements of the stacking units. Niclosamide monomers tend to form clusters in an orderly manner and tend to aggregate in parallel and antiparallel orientations of the phenyl rings as the monomers are increased in number from 4 to 9. Upon increasing the size from 9 to 14, and from 49 to 150, a considerable dominance of the metastable parallel arrangement is observed, resulting in the formation of a closely packed cluster with hydrophobic contacts. The metastable conformation self-arranges to a T-shape before forming a stable planar antiparallel displaced conformation. The aggregated π–π parallel and cation–π antiparallel clusters in water exist in a β-conformer. We further observed that formation of a stable cluster aggregate entails the formation of an intermediate metastable cluster that disperses in solution forming a large stable cluster. We also discovered that movement of the water is faster in less aggregated clusters and as the cluster size increases, the mobility rate becomes much slower.