Issue 11, 2021

Effect of metal nitrate on mechanochemical nitration of toluene

Abstract

Mechanochemical nitration of toluene was explored using a planetary mill and MoO3 as catalyst. Different inorganic nitrate salts were used as the nitronium source. Nitration was carried out by initially milling the nitrate salt and the catalyst, and then adding toluene. The amount of nitrate salt used was systematically varied, while the amounts of both the catalyst and toluene were held constant. For most nitrates the greatest yield of mononitrotoluene was observed for conditions where the molar reactant ratio of NO3 to toluene was near 4. Lower yields were observed with either less or more of the nitrate, consistent with limitation by the reactant on one hand, and obscuration of suitable catalytic sites on the other. The observed ratios of para- to ortho-mononitrotoluene were above one, consistently with a mechanism involving nitronium ions positioned at the catalyst surface reacting with toluene directly. Different nitrates resulted in varying mononitrotoluene yields, with copper nitrate showing the highest, and potassium nitrate the lowest yield, respectively. The observed yields were found to correlate with the enthalpy of the bulk reaction forming mononitrotoluene and the hydroxide of the cation of the respective nitrate used.

Graphical abstract: Effect of metal nitrate on mechanochemical nitration of toluene

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
29 Jul 2021
Accepted
13 Sep 2021
First published
13 Sep 2021

React. Chem. Eng., 2021,6, 2050-2057

Effect of metal nitrate on mechanochemical nitration of toluene

A. Vasudevan, M. Schoenitz and E. L. Dreizin, React. Chem. Eng., 2021, 6, 2050 DOI: 10.1039/D1RE00307K

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page.

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content.

Social activity

Spotlight

Advertisements