A high-performance visible-light-driven all-optical switch enabled by ultra-thin gallium sulfide

Abstract

On-chip optical switches have emerged as a new class of photonic components for high-performance optical communication networks and on-chip interconnects, in which the all-optical configuration without the incorporation of other control-means is highly desired. While two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin materials demonstrate their great potential in developing ultrafast all-optical switches owing to their unique light–matter interaction, such investigations have so far been limited to the fiber optic platform or free space. Here, we realize an all-optical on-chip switch from a silicon waveguide-based asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structure enabled by 2D ultrathin Ga₂S₃. Upon the visible light excitation at 532 nm, excessive photocarriers in Ga₂S₃ cause a change of the refractive index and subsequently a phase variation between MZI arms at the 1550 nm operation wavelength, triggering on the optical switch. On the other hand, the switch is off without the visible light stimulation, as the phase variation is recovered due to the ultrafast photo-exciton relaxation behavior of Ga₂S₃. The Ga₂S₃-enabled all-optical switch is driven at an extremely small optical power density of 0.12 W cm⁻² and exhibits a response and recovery time of 26.3 and 43.5 μs, respectively, which as a combination is superior to those of fiber optic-based all-optical switches enabled by 2D materials. This work may provide a viable approach to develop on-chip all-optical photonic components for practical integrated photonic chips.