Elucidating the oxygen reduction reaction mechanism on the surfaces of 2D monolayer CsPbBr3 perovskite

Abstract

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an indispensable reaction in electrochemical energy converting systems such as fuel cells. Generally, reaction kinetics of the ORR is slow, and to speed it up, a practical electrocatalyst is needed. Pt-based catalysts are thermodynamically more appropriate, but due to their scarcity and high cost, they cannot be used on a commercial scale in industries. To search for non-noble metal catalysts, we have performed a theoretical study on the CsPbBr₃ perovskite material as a potential candidate for the ORR. The 3D bulk crystal structure of CsPbBr₃ shows a large electronic band gap (E_g) of around 2.95 eV and it cannot be used as an efficient electrocatalyst for the ORR. We have cleaved a (001) surface from the 3D CsPbBr₃ perovskite and computationally designed a 2D monolayer slab structure of the CsPbBr₃ material. The present study showed that the 2D monolayer structure of CsPbBr₃ has a tiny band gap about 0.22 eV, and hence the 2D monolayer CsPbBr₃ perovskite can be used as a cathode material for fuel cell applications. Special priority has been given to the 2D layered perovskite structure to gain insights into its ORR kinetics by employing the first principles-based density functional theory (DFT) method. This study reveals that the basal plane of the 2D CsPbBr₃ perovskite exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the ORR with a four-electron reduction pathway selectivity. Both the dissociative and associative reaction mechanisms of the ORR on the surfaces of the 2D monolayer CsPbBr₃ perovskite have been explored by computing the change in Gibb's free energy (ΔG). All the reaction intermediates studied here are thermodynamically favorable and the present study suggests that the ORR follows a 4e⁻ transfer mechanism on the surface of 2D CsPbBr₃ and the associative mechanism is favorable over the dissociative mechanism of the ORR. This study provides a theoretical basis for future application of 2D CsPbBr₃ perovskite-based electrocatalysts for achieving an effective ORR, indicating that they are promising Pt-free candidates for fuel cell components.