Mechanistic routes toward C3 products in copper-catalysed CO2 electroreduction

Abstract

The electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction (eCO₂R) reaction powered by renewable electricity holds promise for the sustainable production of multi-carbon chemicals and fuels. On Cu-based catalysts, ethylene and ethanol (C₂) have been produced in appreciable amounts. C₃ products (mostly terminal oxygenates) have limited yields, whereas propylene is puzzlingly absent. Herein, we devise a divide-and-conquer strategy to explain the formation of the C₃-backbone and elucidate the mechanism responsible for the observed selectivity by combining network graphs, density functional theory, and experiments to prune the network and benchmark the identified path. Our approach concludes that the most frequently reported products, propionaldehyde and 1-propanol, originate from the coupling of CH₂CH with C(H)O. While propylene and 1-propanol share common intermediates, the former is barely produced due to the unfavourable formation of allyl alkoxy (CH₂CHCH₂O), whose crucial nature was confirmed experimentally. This work paves the way for tailoring selective routes towards C₃ products via eCO₂R.