Revisiting Mg solubility in CuO nanorods: limit probed by neutron diffraction and effect on the particle toxicity towards bacteria in water

Abstract

Both nanometer-sized CuO and MgO particles exhibit bactericidal activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, two bacteria causing healthcare-associated infections. The solid solution Cu_1−xMg_xO is potentially interesting for biomedical applications as one of the compositions could have a much higher bactericidal activity than the parent CuO and MgO oxides considered separately. But, to date, no Vegard's law proves the real existence of such a solid solution. This study was aimed at shedding light on the solubility of Mg²⁺ ions in CuO nanoparticles and its impact on the free oxygen radicals they produce, the quantity of which determines their bactericidal performance. The solid solution Cu_1−xMg_xO does exist and particles were synthesized as nanorods of 50–60 nm length by thermally decomposing at 400 °C the single source precursors Cu_1−xMg_x(OH)₂. Vegard's laws exist only in the compositional range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1, due to the low capacity of the distorted NaCl-type structure to accommodate regular coordination [MgO₆] octahedra. Only neutron diffraction allowed the detection of the small amount of MgO nanoparticles present as impurity in a 10 g sample beyond the solubility limit of x = 0.1. In this series, CuO nanorods remain the most active against E. coli and S. aureus with reduction in viability of 99.998% and 98.7% after 180 min in water, respectively. Our synthesis route has significantly increased the activity of pure CuO nanoparticles beyond the values reported so far, especially against E. coli. The bactericidal performances of CuO and the magnesium-substituted counterparts (i.e. Cu_1−xMg_xO) are not linked to cupric ions they release in water since their mass concentrations after 180 min are much lower than minimal concentrations inhibiting the growth of E. coli and S. aureus. These CuO nanorods kill bacteria in water because they produce a large quantity of free oxygen radicals in the presence of H₂O₂ only, the majority of which are highly toxic HO˙ radicals. Mg²⁺ ions have a detrimental effect on this production, thus explaining the lowest bactericidal performance of Cu_1−xMg_xO nanorods. Definitive knowledge of the toxicity of Cu_1−xMg_xO nanoparticles towards bacteria in water is now available.