Magnetic nanocarriers adorned on graphene: promising contrast-enhancing agents with state-of-the-art performance in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and theranostics

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an effectual imaging technique for medical diagnosis, its non-invasive nature being a noteworthy attribute, in which magnetic contrast agents are employed to improve sensitivity and accuracy. Graphene exhibits excellent mechanical and physicochemical properties, and notable biocompatibility. In the quest for superior contrast agents with low toxicity, improved chemical stability, and remarkable functionalization potential, graphene-based magnetic nanocarriers have piqued the interest of researchers. Graphene and its derivatives function as nanocarriers or platforms onto which magnetic nanoparticles are anchored, due to its high specific surface area which prevents the uncontrolled aggregation of nanoparticles and thus provides extra stability while significantly increasing the MRI efficiency. Herein, the recent trends in the application of graphene-based magnetic nanocarriers as potential contrast agents in MRI are deliberated with detailed discussion on the methods of preparation, classification, and significant features, including theranostic applications. The cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of magnetic nanocarrier adorned graphene are also analyzed and highlighted along with their future outlook.