Evaporation crystallization of zero-dimensional guanidinium bismuth iodide perovskite single crystal for X-ray detection

Abstract

Bismuth halide hybrid perovskites have aroused intense interest in optoelectronic fields. However, developing novel bismuth halide hybrid perovskites to balance the hydrophobicity and electron transport ability is still challenging. Besides, the conventional temperature-lowering crystallization method usually causes high supersaturation and facilitates the formation of impurity phase and defect structures. Herein, we reported the synthesis of bulk zero-dimensional (0D) guanidinium bismuth iodide ((Gua)₃Bi₂I₉) single crystals via an antisolvent-assisted evaporation crystallization method at room temperature. The as-grown (Gua)₃Bi₂I₉ single crystals have sizes of up to 5 × 5 × 0.6 mm³. Besides, they have shown to have distinct semiconductor properties, such as a direct bandgap of 2.08 eV, low density of defects and traps of 3.35 × 10¹⁰ cm⁻³ and obvious photoconductivity. Moreover, (Gua)₃Bi₂I₉ exhibits a large bulk resistivity of 3.94 × 10¹¹ Ω cm and strong X-ray attenuation coefficient, which satisfies the distinct attributes for X-ray detection. As a consequence, the assembled vertical Au/(Gua)₃Bi₂I₉ single crystal/Au X-ray photoconductor achieves a sensitivity of 18.23 μC Gy_air⁻¹ cm⁻² at a bias voltage of 500 V. This study provides a new horizon for the design and synthesis of bismuth halide perovskites toward non-toxic X-ray detectors.