Thermostable bacterial laccase for sustainable dyeing using plant phenols

Abstract

Laccase is regarded as an efficacious eco-friendly enzyme in various industries. Thus, various laccases have been explored to mitigate the environmental effects of conventional industrial processing; however, the prospects of laccase in hair dyeing have not been thoroughly explored to date. On account of the adverse environmental and health-related issues posed by chemical hair dyeing, laccase as a natural alternative in dyeing hair has recently gained attention. In this study, we executed hair dyeing with different colours and shades of hair dyes developed from natural plant phenols, including ferulic acid, gallic acid, catechol, and syringaldehyde, catalysed by a novel thermostable bacterial laccase (LacT) from Brevibacillus agri. The dyed hair was characterised in terms of its colourimetric parameters (L*, a*, and b*), colour strength (K/S), reflectance (R) and colour durability. L* means luminosity and is defined by L* values from 0 (black) to 100 (white). A positive value of a* means red shades and a negative value indicates green shades. A positive value of b* shows yellow shades and a negative value indicates blue shades. Optical microscopy of circular and longitudinal sections of the dyed hair revealed that the laccase-catalysed dyes did not merely stick to the surface; instead, they well-penetrated the hair. Furthermore, the dyeing process did not affect the surface morphology of the dyed hair. The dyed hair also exhibited a desirable range of colour diversity in terms of market-driven demands and showed considerable resistance to fading during shampooing and pH alterations. Post-dyeing, the texture and tensile strength of the dyed hair remained nearly unchanged. Overall, the outcomes suggest that LacT holds high potential to be exploited extensively in the hair dyeing industry as an alternative to chemical hair dyes.