Zinc vacancy modulated quaternary metallic oxynitride GeZn1.7ON1.8: as a high-performance anode for lithium-ion storage

Abstract

The development of alternative anode materials to achieve high lithium-ion storage performance is crucial for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, a new anode material, Zn-defected GeZn_1.7ON_1.8 (GeZn_1.7−xON_1.8), was rationally designed and successfully synthesized by a simple ammoniation and acid etching method. The introduced zinc vacancy can increase the capacity by more than 100%, originating from the additional space for the lithium-ion insertion. This GeZn_1.7−xON_1.8 particle anode delivers a high capacity (868 mA h g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹ after 200 cycles) and ultralong cyclic stability (2000 cycles at 1.0 A g⁻¹ with a maintained capacity of 458.6 mA h g⁻¹). Electrochemical kinetic analysis corroborates the enhanced pseudocapacitive contribution and lithium-ion reaction kinetics in the GeZn_1.7−xON_1.8 particle anode. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses at different electrochemical reaction states confirm the reversible intercalation lithium-ion storage mechanism of this GeZn_1.7−xON_1.8 particle anode. This study offers a new vision toward designing high-performance quaternary metallic oxynitride-based materials for large-scale energy storage applications.