Degradation of ciprofloxacin by persulfate activated with pyrite: mechanism, acidification and tailwater reuse

Abstract

Residues of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in the environment pose a threat to human health and ecosystems. This study investigated the degradation of CIP by persulfate (PS) activated with pyrite (FeS₂). Results showed that when [CIP] = 30 μM, [FeS₂] = 2.0 g L⁻¹, and [PS] = 1 mM, the CIP removal rate could reach 94.4% after 60 min, and CIP mineralization rate reached 34.9%. The main free radicals that degrade CIP were SO₄˙⁻ and HO˙, with contributions of 34.4% and 35.7%, respectively. Additionally, compared to the control (ultrapure water), CIP in both tap water and river water was not degraded. However, acidification could eliminate the inhibition of CIP degradation in tap water and river water. Furthermore, acidic tailwater from CIP degradation could be utilized to adjust the pH of untreated CIP, which could greatly promote the degradation of CIP and further reduce disposal costs. The reaction solution was not significantly biotoxic and three degradation pathways of CIP were investigated. Based on the above results and the characterization of FeS₂, the mechanism of CIP degradation in the FeS₂/PS system was that FeS₂ activated PS to generate Fe(III) and SO₄˙⁻. The sulfide in FeS₂ reduced Fe(III) to Fe(II), thus achieving an Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle for CIP degradation.