In situ assembled titanium carbide-based heterojunctions for the synergistic enhancement of NIR-II photothermal/photodynamic therapy against breast cancer

Abstract

The combined use of photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) could circumvent the drawbacks of each individual therapeutic strategy, resulting in an enhanced antitumor effect. However, the lack of highly effective photo-agents that are irradiation-safe in the biologically transparent window hinder the advancement of phototherapy clinically. Hence, in this study, a charge separation engineering strategy was adopted to fabricate a nanoplatform with heterojunctions, namely, in situ TiO₂-loaded MXene (Ti₃C₂/TiO₂ heterojunctions). This nanoplatform exhibited reduced bandgap (1.68 eV), enhanced NIR-II photothermal conversion efficiency (44.98%), and extended absorption edge compared to pristine TiO₂ for enhanced photodynamic effect. More importantly, the proliferation of tumor cells could be efficiently inhibited at a 5 mm chicken breast depth after 1064 nm laser irradiation, and the intracellular ROS production significantly increased under 660 nm or even 1064 nm laser irradiation with heterojunctions (HJs) compared with that of TiO₂. Moreover, the in vivo data further confirmed that the as-prepared heterojunctions could efficiently eradicate tumors efficiently via improved photothermal effect with NIR-II laser irradiation and upregulated ROS production. Collectively, the reported HJs strategy provides an opportunity for the success of combinational PTT and PDT therapy in tumor treatment.