Molecular nitrogen induced structural evolution of single transition metal atoms supported by B/N co-doped graphene for enhanced nitrogen electroreduction performance

Abstract

The structural evolution of local coordination environments of single-atom catalysts (SACs) under reaction conditions plays an important role in the catalytic performance of SACs. Using density functional theory calculations, the possible structural evolution of transition metal single atoms supported by B/N codoped-graphene (TM–B₂N₂/G) under nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) conditions is explored and the catalytic performance based on reconstructed SACs is theoretically evaluated. A novel nitrogen adsorption mode on TM–B₂N₂/G is discovered and the protonation of one of the N atoms results in the TM atoms binding with three N atoms, among which one associates with two B atoms (TM–N₃B₂/G). It is suggested that the N₃B₂/G supported tungsten single atom (W–N₃B₂/G) exhibits excellent N₂ activity with a limiting potential of −0.27 V and high ammonia selectivity. Electronic structure analysis indicates that the coordination of N₃B₂/G redistributes the charge density of central W, shifts its d band center upward and strengthens the interaction of W and the adsorbed nitrogen molecule, thereby endowing it with better NRR performance, compared with that supported by pyridine-3N-doped graphene and pyrrolic-3N-doped graphene.