A comprehensive review on recent developments and future perspectives of switchable solvents and their applications in sample preparation techniques

Abstract

One of the most time-consuming and challenging phases of analytical procedures is sample preparation, which entails separating target compounds from diverse real samples. Hence, it is reasonable that sample preparation is considered to be an important part of the analytical process. The use and development of sample preparation procedures have considerably grown in recent years. The improvement of traditional sample preparation processes is primarily motivated by the development of green analytical methods. Analytical chemistry has recently turned its attention to the use of ecologically friendly solvents in sample preparation methods. The current study covers the current state of the art and prospects in the context of green analytical chemistry, with a particular emphasis on environmentally friendly sample preparation methods that employ green switchable solvents (SSs). SSs have taken up a significant amount of space in the recent literature for both large- and small-scale extractions due to their advantages for extracting and separating targeted analytes from various complex samples, including their environmental responsibility, ease of adoption, economic viability, rapidity of separation, and sustainability. SSs have an extraordinary capacity to change from one form that is miscible with water (hydrophilic form) to another (hydrophobic form) quickly and easily by using chemical or physical triggers. This review examines in detail the use of SSs for the extraction of metal ions and organic compounds, which are crucial for research in the areas of environment, food, industry, and pharmaceuticals. This review will also briefly examine the many SS types, their synthesis, chemistry, and uses, as well as recent advancements in these areas and their potential for use in green analytical chemistry.