Resveratrol glucosylation by GTF-SI from Streptococcus mutans: computational insights into a GH70 family enzyme

Abstract

Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound known for its health benefits but limited by poor water solubility and low bioavailability, represents a valuable substrate for glucosylation by carbohydrate-active enzymes such as glucosyltransferase-SI (GTF-SI). Using quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, this study reveals the atomic scale dynamics of resveratrol glucosylation by wild-type GTF-SI. This enzyme exhibited an energy barrier of 8.8 kcal mol⁻¹ and an exothermic process, both consistent with experimental data of similar enzymes. We report a concerted and synchronous reaction mechanism for the catalytic step, characterized by an oxocarbenium ion-like transition state, and elucidate a conformational itinerary of the glucosyl moiety (⁴H₃/E₃) → [E₃]^‡ → ⁴C₁, which aligns with the consistent patterns observed across enzymes of the GH13 and GH70 families. A key interaction was observed between Asp⁴⁷⁷ and the OH group on carbon 6 of the glucosyl moiety, together with a 2.0 kcal mol⁻¹ transition state stabilization by three water molecules within the active site. Comparative insights with the previously studied Q345F SP enzyme system shed light on the unique and common features that govern transglucosylation reactions. Importantly, the calculated activation barriers strongly support the capability of GTF-SI to facilitate resveratrol glucosylation. This study advances our understanding of the transglucosylation reaction and opens up new ways for the glycodiversification of organic compounds such as polyphenols, thus expanding their potential applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.