Improved lipophilic probe for visualizing lipid droplets in erastin-induced ferroptosis

Abstract

Studying the viscosity of lipid droplets (LDs) provides insights into various diseases associated with LD viscosity. Ferroptosis is one such process in which LD viscosity increases due to the abnormal accumulation of lipid ROS (reactive oxygen species) caused by peroxidation. For investigating the LD imaging and ferroptosis, we developed two molecules (NNS and DNS) that show significant Stokes shifts (182–232 nm) and utilized them for sub-cellular imaging. Excellent localization is noted with the lipid droplets. Subsequently, DNS was used to monitor the variations in the LD viscosity during erastin-induced ferroptosis followed by ferroptosis inhibition. Additionally, we explored variations in the LD quantity, size, and accumulation when subjected to oleic acid stimulation. Extensive DFT and TDDFT investigations have been employed to understand the effect of NO₂ substitution on the linear and branched molecular derivatives. Our results with the improved lipophilic fluorophore, exhibiting excellent colocalization with LDs, offer valuable insights into sensing erastin-induced ferroptosis and have the potential for real-time diagnostic applications.