Explication of mechanism governing atmospheric degradation of 3D-printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with different in-fill pattern and varying in-fill density

Abstract

With the popularity of 3D-printing technology, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has become a very good option for layer by layer printing as it is easy to handle, environment friendly, has low costs and most importantly, it is highly adaptable to different materials including carbon, nylon and some other fibres. PLA is an aliphatic poly-ester that is 100% bio-based and is bio-degradable as well. It is one of the rare bio-polymers to compete with traditional polymers in terms of performance and environmental impact. However, PLA is sensitive to water and susceptible to degradation under natural conditions of ultra-violet rays (UV), humidity, fumes, etc. There are many reports on the bio-degradation and photo-degradation of PLA which deal with the accelerated weathering test. However, the accelerated weathering test instruments lack the ability to correlate the stabilities maintained by the test with the actual occurrences during natural exposure. Thus, an attempt has been made in the present work to expose the 3D-printed PLA samples to actual atmospheric conditions of Aurangabad city (M.S.) in India. The degradation of PLA after the exposure is studied and a mechanism is elucidated. Additionally, the tensile properties of the PLA samples are evaluated to correlate the extent of degradation and the material performance. It was found that though the performance of PLA deteriorates with the exposure time, the combination of in-fill pattern and volume plays an important role on the tensile properties and the extent of degradation. It is concluded herein that with natural exposure, the degradation of PLA occurs in two stages, supported by a side reaction. Thus, this study offers a new perspective towards the life of components in actual application by exposing PLA to the natural atmosphere and evaluating its strength and structure.