Alternating current properties of bulk- and nanosheet-graphitic carbon nitride compacts at elevated temperatures

Abstract

The investigations of temperature-dependent electrical properties in graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) have been largely performed at/below room temperature on devices commonly fabricated by vacuum techniques, leaving the gap to further explore its behaviors at high-temperature. We reported herein the temperature dependence (400 → 35 °C) of alternating current (AC) electrical properties in bulk- and nanosheet-g-C₃N₄ compacts simply prepared by pelletizing the powder. The bulk sample was synthesized via the direct heating of urea, and the subsequent HNO₃-assisted thermal exfoliation yielded the nanosheet counterpart. Their thermal stability was confirmed by variable-temperature X-ray diffraction, demonstrating reversible interlayer expansion/contraction upon heating/cooling with the thermal expansion coefficient of 2.2 × 10⁻⁵–3.1 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹. It is found that bulk- and nanosheet-g-C₃N₄ were highly insulating (resistivity ρ ∼ 10⁸ Ω cm unchanged with temperature), resembling layered van der Waals materials such as graphite fluoride but unlike electronically insulating oxides. Likewise, the dielectric permittivity ε′, loss tangent tan δ, refractive index n, dielectric heating coefficient J, and attenuation coefficient α, were weakly temperature- and frequency-dependent (10³–10⁵ Hz). The experimentally determined ε′ of bulk-g-C₃N₄ was reasonably close to the in-plane static dielectric permittivity (8 vs. 5.1) deduced from first-principles calculation, consistent with the anisotropic structure. The nanosheet-g-C₃N₄ exhibited a higher ε′ ∼ 15 while keeping similar tan δ (∼0.09) compared to the bulk counterpart, demonstrating its potential as a highly insulating, stable dielectrics at elevated temperatures.