Extending the analogy between intracellular motion in mammalian cells and glassy dynamics

Abstract

How molecules, organelles, and foreign objects move within living cells has been studied in organisms ranging from bacteria to human cells. In mammalian cells, in particular, cellular vesicles move across the cell using motor proteins that carry the vesicle down the cytoskeleton to their destination. We have recently noted several similarities between the motion of such vesicles and that in disordered, “glassy”, systems, but the generality of this observation remains unclear. Here we follow the motion of mitochondria, the organelles responsible for cell energy production, in mammalian cells over timescales from 50 ms to 70 s. Qualitative observations show that single mitochondria remain within a spatially limited region for extended periods of time, before moving longer distances relatively quickly. The displacement distribution is roughly Gaussian for shorter distances (≲0.05 μm) but exhibits exponentially decaying tails at longer distances (up to 0.40 μm). This behaviour is well-described by a model developed to describe the motion in glassy systems. These observations are extended to in total 3 different objects (mitochondria, lysosomes and nano-sized beads enclosed in vesicles), 3 different mammalian cell types (HEK 293, HeLa, and HT22), from 2 different organisms (human and mouse). Further evidence that supports glass-like characteristics of the motion is a difference between the time it takes to move a longer distance for the first time and subsequent times, as well as a weak ergodicity breaking of the motion. Overall, we demonstrate the ubiquity of glass-like motion in mammalian cells, providing a different perspective on intracellular motion.