A cilia-inspired micropatterned sensor with a high-permittivity dielectric hydrogel for ultrasensitive mechanoreception both in air and underwater

Abstract

Hydrogel mechanosensors have garnered increasing attention for their diverse applications in human–machine interfaces, healthcare monitoring, and underwater technologies. However, hydrogel mechanosensors still encounter notable limitations, including relatively low sensitivity, vulnerability to water evaporation in air, and water absorption underwater. Herein, we present an innovative cilia-inspired hybrid mechanosensor capable of intelligent mechanoreception in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. The sensor comprises a cilia-micropatterned hybrid electrode and an amphibiously high-permittivity dielectric hydrogel (30.7–41.1 in the wet state and 17.7–21.0 in the dry state). The hybrid electrode mimics the natural cilia structure, offering exceptional sensitivity (182 kPa⁻¹) and limit of detection (0.18 Pa) even under microstress stimuli. Experimental results demonstrate the sensor's outstanding performance in capturing real-time acoustic waves (1–20 kHz), water waves and respiratory rate underwater as well as stable pressure detection in air, showcasing its applicability in high-performance versatile mechanosensing and ushering in new opportunities for a wide range of applications.