A fluorescent quaternary phosphonium main-chain-type polymer: an opportunity to fabricate functional materials with excellent antibacterial activity and bacterial imaging capability

Abstract

The large-scale transmission and infection of pathogens worldwide have encouraged scientists to develop new antibacterial agents that do not succumb to bacterial resistance, which is not only of significant research interest but also challenging. In this work, we fabricated two main-chain (MC)-type cationic polymers (TPE-ammonium polymer and TPE-phosphonium polymer) through a one-step 100% atomic economic reaction. The two polymers demonstrated very promising antibacterial activity and their minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values are lower than that of most previously reported antibacterial agents. Especially, the phosphonium-doped MC polymer exhibited very small MICs of 0.24 and 0.98 μg mL⁻¹ against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. This excellent antibacterial performance by the TPE-phosphonium polymer is attributed to the advantages of the MC-type polymer such as its large molecular weight (M_n = 103 011) and stronger polarization effect from the P atom. More impressively, depending on the typical aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property and excellent antibacterial behaviors, the TPE-phosphonium polymer was successfully used for bacterial imaging and real-time monitoring of bacterial viability.