Electron transport bilayer with cascade energy alignment based on Nb2O5–Ti3C2 MXene/TiO2 for efficient perovskite solar cells

Abstract

Nb₂O₅ shows promising features for electron transport layers (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), such as suitable band alignment and ultraviolet stability. Here, we studied the incorporation of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene in a solution-processable compact layer as a component of ETLs for PSCs. The addition of 0.4 wt% MXene with respect to niobium ethoxide was shown to enhance the PCE (19.46% for the champion device) and stability (96% of its original PCE after 500 hours) compared to pristine devices. The improved performance of the Nb₂O₅–Ti₃C₂ devices (0.4 wt%) could be attributed to the adapted alignment of the energy band between perovskite and ETL layers, which favors electron transport and extraction. In addition, the high electrical conductivity of MXenes worked as a free pathway for the extracted electrons preventing charge recombination. These features were corroborated by Photo-CELIV, which showed a higher density of extracted charges and increased charge carrier lifetime for Nb₂O₅–Ti₃C₂ based devices. Hence, the results unveiled in this work indicate that MXenes are promising 2D materials for tuning Nb₂O₅ based ETLs. Future works shall focus on other MXene compounds to further boost PSC performance and stability.