Electrodeposition of paracetamol oxide for intelligent portable ratiometric detection of nicotine and ethyl vanillin β-d-glucoside

Abstract

Herein, the electrodeposition of paracetamol oxide (PA ox) for the intelligent portable ratiometric detection of nicotine (NIC) and ethyl vanillin β-D-glucoside (EVG) is reported. PA ox electrodeposited on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was used as a new fixed state ratiometric reference probe. A portable electrochemical workstation combined with a smart phone was applied as an intelligent portable electrochemical sensing platform. The sensor was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis), theoretical calculation, chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Under optimized conditions, the detection range of NIC is 10–200 μmol L⁻¹, and the detection limit is 0.256 μmol L⁻¹. The detection range of EVG was 10–180 μmol L⁻¹, and the detection limit was 0.058 μmol L⁻¹. The sensor can realize the real-time detection of NIC and EVG concentration in cigarette samples quickly and accurately, and has good anti-interference, repeatability and stability.