A distinctive and proficient fluorescent switch for ratiometric recognition of the menacing cyanide ion: biological studies on MDA-MB-231 cells

Abstract

A new fluorescent ratiometric switch (BOHB) was developed for swift and selective detection of cyanide ions in aqueous media without any interference from other competitive anions. Upon gradual addition of cyanide ions into the probe solution, a prominent fluorescence color change from yellow to cyan was observed under a UV chamber. The fluorescence changes thus observed were ratiometric, and the detection limit of this new probe was found to be (22.1 ± 0.89) μM, suggesting that the efficiency of BOHB for the detection of cyanide ions is brilliant even at a minute level. The blue shift in fluorescence intensity upon the addition of cyanide ions was attributed to the deprotonation mechanism of acidic protons present in BOHB. This phenomenon was further explored using ¹H-NMR study, which supported the mechanism. Further, stability study was performed over a period of 5 days to prominently establish the stability of BOHB. The probe is also highly capable of recognizing CN⁻ within a very short time-span (almost 15 seconds), thereby making it a brilliant fluorescent switch for the swift recognition of CN⁻. Furthermore, BOHB was employed for real water sample analysis to display its practical application. Besides, the easy-to-prepare dipstick experiment provides a simple, reusable and recyclable protocol for the suitable qualitative identification of CN⁻. Lastly, triple negative breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) cells were made susceptible to CN⁻ sensing in a biological system, thereby making BOHB a biomarker tool.