Influence of strong π-acceptor ligands on Cr-K-edge X-ray absorption spectral signatures and consequences for the interpretation of surface sites in the Phillips catalyst

Abstract

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has been central to the study of the Phillips polymerization catalyst (CrO₃/SiO₂). As Cr K-edge XAS signatures are sensitive to the oxidation state, geometry and types of ligands on surface (active) sites, the superposition of these effects makes their interpretation challenging. Notably, CO has been particularly used as a reductant to generate low valent Cr sites from CrO₃/SiO₂ and as a structural IR probe for analysing reduced Cr surface sites. Hence, it is essential to establish a solid understanding of the spectroscopic impact of CO on low-valent Cr sites. We thus built a series of fully characterized low-valent Cr molecular compounds bearing isoelectronic isocyanide ligands in place of CO, with the goal of understanding the effect of the coordination of π-acceptor ligands on the XANES signature of Cr sites. Cr K-edge spectra supplemented with DFT calculations elucidate the effect of the coordination of π-acceptor ligands on XAS signatures, giving a sharp resonance at the white line while modifying the fine structure due to short Cr–C distances and stability of low-spin Cr(II/III) species. The isocyanide references allow the deconvolution of the XAS spectra of the reduced CrO₃/SiO₂ catalyst by evaluating the types of surface species and relative amounts of bound CO at different CO pressures and temperatures.