Copper-containing POM-based hybrid P2Mo22V4Cu4 nanocluster as heterogeneous catalyst for the light-driven hydroxylation of benzene to phenol

Abstract

The current traditional phenol production process has many shortcomings, and the efficient and clean photocatalytic one-step oxidation to phenol is gradually attracting attention. Heteropolyacids (PMo₁₀V₂) with high-density Lewis acid active sites and excellent photoelectron transfer ability are ideal choices for catalytic reactions. In this study, a copper-modified isolated dimeric hybrid nanocluster, [Cu(pyim)₂]₂[Cu(pyim)₂(P₂Mo^VI₂₀Mo^V₂V^IV₄O₈₂)]₂·(H₂O) (pyim = [2-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazole]), was synthesized by a convenient hydrothermal method. The structural analysis demonstrated that the compound was composed of metal–organic complexes containing pyim ligands, Keggin-type heteropolyacids, and transition metal copper ions. Remarkably, this not only solves the difficulty that the heteropolymeric acid cannot be recovered by dissolving in the solvent but also introduces the copper atom as a second active center. The catalyst exhibited a benzene conversion of 15.6% and a selectivity of 85.2% in a mixed solution of acetonitrile and acetic acid under optimal reaction conditions. After four catalytic cycles, the PXRD pattern proved that the catalyst was still stable. This study provides a good idea for photocatalytic reactions and other environmental applications.