Synthesis and anticancer mechanisms of four novel platinum(ii) 4′-substituted-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine complexes

Abstract

Mitophagy, a selective autophagic process, has emerged as a pathway involved in degrading dysfunctional mitochondria. Herein, new platinum(II)-based chemotherapeutics with mitophagy-targeting properties are proposed. Four novel binuclear anticancer Pt(II) complexes with 4′-substituted-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine derivatives (tpy1–tpy4), i.e., [Pt₂(tpy1)(DMSO)₂Cl₄]·CH₃OH (tpy1Pt), [Pt(tpy2)Cl][Pt(DMSO)Cl₃]·CH₃COCH₃ (tpy2Pt), [Pt(tpy3)Cl][Pt(DMSO)Cl₃] (tpy3Pt), and [Pt(tpy4)Cl]Cl·CH₃OH (tpy4Pt), were designed and prepared. Moreover, their potential antitumor mechanism was studied. Tpy1Pt–tpy4Pt exhibited more selective cytotoxicity against cisplatin-resistant SK-OV-3/DDP (SKO3cisR) cancer cells compared with those against ovarian SK-OV-3 (SKO3) cancer cells and normal HL-7702 liver (H702) cells. This selective cytotoxicity of Tpy1Pt–tpy4Pt was better than that of its ligands (i.e., tpy1–tpy4), the clinical drug cisplatin, and cis-Pt(DMSO)₂Cl₂. The results of various experiments indicated that tpy1Pt and tpy2Pt kill SKO3cisR cancer cells via a mitophagy pathway, which involves the disruption of the mitophagy-related protein expression, dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, elevation of the [Ca²⁺] and reactive oxygen species levels, promotion of mitochondrial DNA damage, and reduction in the adenosine triphosphate and mitochondrial respiratory chain levels. Furthermore, in vivo experiments indicated that the dinuclear anticancer Pt(II) coordination compound (tpy1Pt) has remarkable therapeutic efficiency (ca. 52.4%) and almost no toxicity. Therefore, the new 4′-substituted-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine Pt(II) coordination compound (tpy1Pt) is a potential candidate for next-generation mitophagy-targeting dinuclear Pt(II)-based anticancer drugs.