Amorphous bismuth and GO co-doped WO3 electrochromic film with fast-switching time and long-term stability

Abstract

The sol–gel process for fabricating electrochromic thin films is straightforward, offering advantages such as low cost and ease of compositional control. Herein we prepared GO–Bi–WO₃ films with improved electrochromic performance using a simple sol–gel spin-coating method. The sample shows a fast-switching time (1.8 s for coloring and 1.8 s for bleaching), large optical modulation (85% at 630 nm), excellent stability (86.4% retention after 10 200 cycles), and high coloration efficiency (65.9 cm² C⁻¹). This work indicates the electrochromic performance of WO₃-based films can be enhanced by incorporating GO, which provides an effective strategy for the rapid, safe, and efficient fabrication of electrochromic thin films.