Microplastics in Asia: overcoming sampling, analysis, and regulatory challenges to protect the ecosystem – a review

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are defined as emerging contaminants, named so for the potential danger they pose to public health and the economy. MPs, defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm in size, have become significant pollutants, leading to extensive research and regulatory action. Various characterization techniques are discussed, such as FTIR, SEM-EDS, Raman, BET, DSC, XRD, GC-MS, and particle size analysis. Sampling challenges include uneven distribution, lack of standardized methods, and contamination risks. Analytical limitations stem from the need for precise detection, with current methods needing help in differentiating between MPs and other particles. Regulatory frameworks in Asian nations vary; some have comprehensive policies, while others face economic and infrastructural barriers. Researchers face critical challenges in controlling MP contamination in outdoor (OD) and indoor (ID) air. This review examines the current knowledge of the obstacles in sampling and analyzing MPs and an outline of the regulations in different Asian countries with different characterization methods to analyze the MPs. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the importance of unified protocols and strong regulations to improve data comparability and encourage collaborative efforts. By shedding light on the complexities of MP research and regulation in Asia, this paper aims to promote a better understanding and advocate for collective action to address these challenges and safeguard ecosystems.