Interlayer surface energy control for high-efficiency printed organic photovoltaic cells†
Abstract
The surface properties of the substrate play a crucial role in regulating the morphology of active layers coated atop and the resulting photoelectronic properties in solution-processed organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. However, current studies on the relationship between the surface free energy (γS) of the substrate and film morphology of the active layers remain superficial. Here, we present an effective method for tuning γS by incorporating NiO nanoparticles into commercial PEDOT:PSS hole transport layers (HTLs). Furthermore, we systematically perform the film-forming process and characterize the morphology to quantitatively establish the relationship between surface energy, liquid precursor film length, film-forming kinetics, and morphology. The results indicate that increasing the γS of the substrate can elongate the liquid precursor film length, extend the phase separation time, and enhance the crystallinity of the active layer. Consequently, the blade-coated 1.03 cm2 OPV cells based on the PEDOT:PSS:NiO HTL and PBQx-TCl:eC9-2Cl active layer yield a record PCE of 18.70% (certified as 18.51% by the National Institute of Metrology, China); the manufactured 23.60 cm2 OPV modules achieve an outstanding PCE of 16.5%. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the interface characteristics and morphological control of the blade-coated large-area active layers toward high-efficiency OPV cells.