Biobased, biodegradable but not bio-neutral: about the effects of polylactic acid nanoparticles on macrophages

Abstract

Plastics are persistent pollutants because of their slow degradation, which suggests that they may lead to cumulative and/or delayed adverse effects due to their progressive accumulation over time. Macroplastics produced by human activity are released in the environment, where they degrade into micro- and nanoplastics that are very easily uptaken by a wide variety of organisms, including humans. Microplastics and nanoplastics being particulates, they are handled in the body by specialized cells such as macrophages (or their evolutionary counterparts), where they can elicit a variety of responses. One solution to alleviate the problems due to biopersistence, such as accumulation over life, would be to use biodegradable plastics. One of the emerging biodegradable plastics being polylactide, we decided to test the responses of macrophages to polylactide nanoparticles using a combination of untargeted proteomics and targeted validation experiments. Proteomics showed important adaptive changes in the proteome in response to exposure to polylactide nanoparticles. These changes affected, for example, mitochondrial, cytoskeletal and lysosomal proteins, but also proteins implicated in immune functions or redox homeostasis. Validation experiments showed that many of these changes were homeostatic, with no induced oxidative stress and no gross perturbation of the mitochondrial function. However, polylactide particles altered the immune functions such as phagocytosis (−20%) or cytokine production (2-fold increase for TNF production), which may translate into a decreased ability of macrophages to respond to bacterial infections. Furthermore, polylactide particles also induced moderate cross-toxicity with some quinones such as phenanthrene quinone, a combustion by-product that is a suspected carcinogen.