Issue 8, 2024

Resource utilization of oak fruit peel as biomass waste for the synthesis of carbon with graphene oxide-like composition and its composite with Mg1−xCaxFe2O4 for Cd(ii) removal from water: characterization, magnetic properties, and potential adsorption study

Abstract

In this study, carbon with graphene oxide (GO)-like composition (CGO) was prepared from oak fruit peel (OFP) using a room-temperature method. CGO was decorated with sol–gel synthesized Mg1−xCaxFe2O4 (x = 0.2 (MCF2) and 0.8 (MCF8)) via a hydrothermal method to obtain CGO/MCF nanocomposites. The samples were characterized using XRD, RS, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, TEM, BET, and VSM analysis. CGO/MCF nanocomposites were assessed for their Cd2+ adsorption capacity from aqueous solutions via flame AAS. Factors such as contact time (1–60 min); nanocomposite dose (0.002–0.01 g); initial Cd2+ concentration (5–60 mg L−1); and coexisting ions of Pb2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ (10 mg L−1 each) at pH 7 were examined. The results indicated that the Cd2+ adsorption capacity of CGO/MCF2 (357.5 mg g−1) was higher (30%) than that of CGO/MCF8 (250 mg g−1) at a contact time of 1 h, nanocomposite dose of 0.002 g, and initial Cd2+ concentration of 60 mg L−1. The Cd2+ adsorption capacity of CGO/MCF nanocomposites was fitted with pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 > 0.99) and the Langmuir isotherm (R2 > 0.99). The adsorption mechanisms involved pore filling, electrostatic attraction, surface complexation, ion exchange, and cation–π attraction. However, coexisting metal ions affected Cd2+ removal by CGO/MCF2, reducing the efficiency by 33%. Using wastewater from a plating metal restoration workshop, it was demonstrated that the CGO/MCF2 nanocomposite exhibits high removal efficiencies of 71% for Cd, 100% for Pb, 32% for Zn, and 28% for Fe. This study suggests that CGO prepared from green biomass of OFP, in combination with MCF2, can be a promising adsorbent for removing metal contaminants from water and wastewater.

Graphical abstract: Resource utilization of oak fruit peel as biomass waste for the synthesis of carbon with graphene oxide-like composition and its composite with Mg1−xCaxFe2O4 for Cd(ii) removal from water: characterization, magnetic properties, and potential adsorption study

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
23 Jan 2024
Accepted
10 Jun 2024
First published
26 Jun 2024

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 2024,10, 1920-1937

Resource utilization of oak fruit peel as biomass waste for the synthesis of carbon with graphene oxide-like composition and its composite with Mg1−xCaxFe2O4 for Cd(II) removal from water: characterization, magnetic properties, and potential adsorption study

Y. Zohrabi, M. E. Ghazi, M. Izadifard, A. Valipour and S. Ayyaru, Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 2024, 10, 1920 DOI: 10.1039/D4EW00059E

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