Issue 8, 2024

Removal of 3,4-dichlorophenol from water utilizing ferrate(vi): kinetic and mechanistic investigations and effects of coexisting anions

Abstract

3,4-Dichlorophenol (3,4-DCP) has been detected in industrial and domestic effluents, posing adverse effects on human health. Herein, the ferrate (Fe(VI)) oxidation of 3,4-DCP was systemically and comprehensively investigated by determining its kinetics, mechanisms, and effect of anions. The pH dependence of the reaction kinetics was found to be strong and the second-order reaction rate constant k varied nonlinearly from 342.82 ± 21.81 M−1 s−1 to 8.21 ± 0.27 M−1 s−1 with the increase in pH from 6.5 to 10.5, whereas its temperature dependence was quite weak. The individual species-specific second-order rate constants for the reaction were obtained using a least-squares regression approach. Protonated Fe(VI) has higher reactivity than its unprotonated species, while 3,4-DCP was just the opposite, leading to the reaction of HFeO4 with 3,4-DCP occurring fastest among the four parallel reactions. Significantly, 3,4-DCP removal kinetics was inhibited by coexisting anions. Meanwhile, the efficiency of 3,4-DCP removal by Fe(VI) at different Fe(VI) concentrations, solution pH, and coexisting anions was determined. Furthermore, eight intermediates of 3,4-DCP oxidation were identified, and a detailed mechanism involving hydroxylation, substitution, dechlorination, and ring-opening steps of the Fe(VI)/3,4-DCP reaction was proposed. The removal of 3,4-DCP was enhanced in actual water samples, demonstrating that Fe(VI) technology could be regarded as an efficient approach for removing 3,4-DCP from water.

Graphical abstract: Removal of 3,4-dichlorophenol from water utilizing ferrate(vi): kinetic and mechanistic investigations and effects of coexisting anions

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
04 Apr 2024
Accepted
27 May 2024
First published
28 May 2024

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 2024,10, 1840-1855

Removal of 3,4-dichlorophenol from water utilizing ferrate(VI): kinetic and mechanistic investigations and effects of coexisting anions

Y. Luo, Q. Zheng, Z. Luo, S. Xiang and M. Dai, Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol., 2024, 10, 1840 DOI: 10.1039/D4EW00274A

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