Long-lasting anti-swelling sustained-release estradiol hydrogel for promoting vaginal wound healing

Abstract

In both clinical and research settings, the rapid healing of vaginal injuries remains a significant challenge globally. Conventional treatment methods often involve extended recovery periods and increased risk of retrograde infections, causing significant pain and discomfort for patients. To address this issue, a mechanically robust and stable poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)/alginate hydrogel loaded with estrogen has been developed to facilitate vaginal wound repair. This hydrogel is formed by an ionically crosslinked alginate network and a covalently crosslinked PHEMA network, which effectively enhances network strength and dissipates energy, leading to excellent fatigue resistance and anti-swelling behavior. Its exceptional mechanical stability and anti-swelling properties prevent local adhesions and mucosal ischemic necrosis. Additionally, the hydrogel sustains the release of estradiol, promoting vaginal epithelial proliferation and collagen deposition, thereby significantly accelerating vaginal injury healing. Furthermore, the hydrogel eliminates the need for frequent dressing changes, reducing the risk of retrograde infections. The hydrogel demonstrates outstanding biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. These combined advantages enable the hydrogel to reduce vaginal recovery time, prevent adhesions, and lower the risk of infection. Therefore, the estrogen-loaded PHEMA/alginate hydrogel demonstrates great potential for achieving satisfactory healing in cases of vaginal injury.